English Phonetics and Phonology

Ferdinand de Saussure – the founder of modern linguistics (born in 1857) Sigmund Freud – the founder of modern psychology ( born 1858) Emile Durkheim – founder of modern sociology (born 1856) Saussure  work can be placed between psychology and sociology. Langue (language) is a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results solely from the simultaneous presence of the others.

Parole the actual manifestation of language in speech or writing.
Vocal auditory channel
Convertibility to other media
Use of arbitrary symbols
Duality
Interdependence
Open-endedness
Displacement
Continual change
Turn-taking
The term “linguistics” was used for the first time  in the middle of the 19th century.

“The science which studies the characteristics of human sound making especially those used in speech, and provides methods for their Description, Classification and Transcription” (David Crystal)

“Phonetics is to the science of language generally what mathematics is to astronomy and the physical sciences” (Henry Sweet)

“phonetics gathers raw material. Phonetics cooks it. Practical Phonetics provides a technique for describing sounds in terms of movements of the vocal apparatus, and for writing them in terms of articulatory formulas, i.e letters of the phonetic alphabet.” (K.Pike)