REFERAT ENGLEZA: TRADITIONAL TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION

label Referate autorenew 2025-09-29, 16:56 history_edu Anonim
The Siwan Houses With a population of about 23,000, Siwa, the most inaccessible of all Egypt's oasis until very recently, is also one of the most fascinating, lying some 60 feed below sea level. Traditional Siwan houses are very economical, as all the building materials are culled from the villagers own gardens or from the salt lakes. Houses are built with karsheef, a stone made of a mixture of clay, salt and fine sand that forms at the shores of the salt lakes. When bonded with clay, karsheef walls become a single, solid unit and are quite sturdy. Ceilings and doors are made of palm wood, and mud and olive leaves help strengthen the roof against the rain . Most houses have two floors and a roof top terrace , where we sleep in the summer or sit in the evening for dinners and chats in the open air. The second floor has bedrooms, a sitting room and a kitchen. The first floor usually has one room called the winter room, or "gharfit nshtee." It's a very warm room because it's small, down below and has small windows. On the cold winter evenings, the whole family sits around a heath called " al kor " - a plate of glowing hot olive wood coals placed in the middle of the room. Behind the house is the home bakery, or "stah." A canopy of palm fronds or reeds provides some shade, otherwise the area is open to allow the smoke from the clay oven to escape. The clay oven, or "tabunna," is used for baking bread and is fueled with palm branches. Most homes also have two "amunsees," smaller clay ovens used for regular cooking, although now most people use butane stovetops. This house doesn't cost the Siwan, just his personal labor in the garden. This house is suitable for him year round. It's almost completely perfect in all seasons, but there is one problem. Although the karsheef stones are strong and dry, and insulate against the heat and cold, and wards off flies and insects - unfortunately it cannot withstand strong rain, which rarely comes to Siwa, but destroy houses. It destroys them completely, as in 1930, 1970 and 1985. Also, the problem the with the palm tree wood - termites. The cellulose of the palm wood is the preferred food of the white ant. These ants grow in some houses, which makes many people to leave these houses because it was the reason of them falling down. It makes them start to build modern houses from white stone, changing the view of Siwa Oasis.The traditional Indonesian Houses In Indonesia, the construction of the house symbolizes the division of the macrocosm into three regions: the upper world, the seat of deities and ancestors. The typical way of buildings in Southeast Asia is to build on stilts, an architectural form usually combined with a saddle roof. Another characteristic of Southeast Asian houses is the forked horn on the roof, which is considered to be a symbol of the buffalo, regarded throughout the region as a link between Heaven and this world. The most famous stilt houses of Indonesia are those of the Dayak in Borneo, the Minangkabau and Batak on Sumatra, and the Toraja on Sulawesi. The Long Houses of the Dayak: The Dayak, some of the original inhabitants of Borneo, build long houses on stilts, using ironwood for the structure and tree bark for the walls; the floor are simple planks of wood placed side by side. The length of these houses was for the last century of 110 meters (over 360 feet) and today they generally range from 10 to 70 meters (33 to 230 feet).On Borneo the long house forms a center for both social life and for rituals. Here people meet to talk after work, and its here the central ceremonies and rituals of the group are performed. In each long house is a central stilt or main post which is the first to be placed in position when the house is built. This post is associated with the ancestor who founded the house has a sacred signifiance; it stands in the center of the house and its looked on as the link between the underworld and the upper world. The long houses were often decorated with representations of water snakes and rhinoceros birds. They were connected with the group's central creation myth, for water snake is associated with the underworld and the rhinoceros bird with the upper world of the good spirits.The Houses of the Minangkabau: The Minangkabau are the Malaysian people who lives in the Padang highlands of Sumatra (west of Sumatra). Typical of the houses of the Minangkabau are the distinctive roofs, which look like buffalo horns. The word "Minangkabau" can actually be interpreted as a compound of the words menang (win) and kerbau (buffalo). This derives from a local legend that people relates that a buffalo fight was arranged by the locals and the people of the influential kingdom of Majapahit (eastern Java).The loacls'buffalo was the winner and since that time they have called themselves the "buffalo winners", Minangkabau, as a proud testament to their strength and courage. The houses are called rumah gadang (large house) and are not inhabited by differents families, but by three or four generations who come from one ancestor and thus a rumah gadang is also a family unit, and each of the Minangkabau identifies completely with his or her own rumah gadang. The rumah gadang has three main areas: immediately after the entrance comes a middle ares (rumah tongah), where there is normally a central post; adjoining this the anjuang, and the bedrooms (biliak). Opposite the anjuang is the kitchen and in front of that a large space (pangkalan), where visitors are received. While the long house is a meeting place for all, the rumah gadang is essentially a women's area; none of the men spends much time in the house with his mother or his wife, and the biliak (bedrooms) are seen as room of the house reflects a woman's life cycle, and forms a journey from the central post to the anjuang, then the biliak, and lastly to the kitchen.The Houses of the Batak: The Batak, who live in north Sumatra, are divided into six ethnic groups. Two Bataks races, the Mandailing and the Angkola Batak, became Muslim in the middle of the 19th century, and Toba Batak were converted to Christianity in 1864 by the German Rheinisch Missionary Society. The others kept their native religion, though there have been converts to Islam and Christianity more recently. The houses of the Toba and Karo are recognizable by their massive style of building construction, which is suited to the way the inhabitants settled more and less permanently. The stilt house is an eminently pratical form of architecture for life in the tropics. Unfortunately, the Toba Batak houses are no longer being built. Earlier, rice stores (sopo) were a part of the traditional house, the rumah adat. The sopo were very important as status symbols.The ornaments put onto the external walls of the house are meant to drive away evil influences. These ornaments consist of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations, carved decorative ornaments, and wall paintings. The colors used are natural colors, the most iportant being red (from red clay), white (from chalk), and black (from charcoal), which respectively represent the three spheres of the cosmos: the human world, the world of good spirits above, and the underworld. The Houses of the Toraja: The ethnic groups in the mountain regions of southwest and central Sulawesi (Celebes) are known by the name of Toraja, which has come to mean "those who live upstream" or "those who live in the mountains". Their name is in fact derived from Raja, which in Sanskrit means "king". The society is hierarchically structured: the noblemen are called rengnge, the ordinary people to makaka, and the slaves to kaunan; birth determines which rank a person will occupy. The distinctive features of the traditional houses (tongkonan) of the Toraja are the "buffalo horns", the roof design and the rich decoration on the walls.The buffalo is a symbol of status, courage, strength and fighting spirit. Designed as a representation of the universe, the tongkonan is constructed in three parts: the upper world (the roof), the world of humans (the middle of the building), and the underworld (the space under the floor). The highly distinctive roofs constructed by the Toraja have given rise to various ingenious interpretations. Certainly the roof is something of deep significance for the Toraja, and even today they build "modern" (in other words houses built with cement) houses with such roofs.The traditional Malay Houses The traditional Malay house is influenced by various factors like climate, lifestyle, the owner's economic status, the surroundings, available building materials and various myths and taboos. These houses are well adapted to the hot tropical climate in which they are found and provide an excellent example of appropriate technology. They are easy to construct, simple to maintain and are mostly built from local materials that are cheap to source. They are also well adapted to the climate as they are built on stilts to allow the free flow of air underneath to keep them cool. There are few internal walls to enable this free flow of air and large windows that can be opened or closed to enable air and light to enter as required. Triangular-shaped decorative gables on either end of the roof assist ventilation. Hot air escapes through these and breezes are captured and directed through the roofline. Traditional homes are naturally dark on the inside in an attempt to limit the entry of light and heat. The bumbung panjang house is the oldest and most widespread house in Peninsular Malaysia. It has a low inclined roof with a long, central ridge supported by a number of posts that hold the weigh of the roof. However, the low headroom of the house has seen a decline in popularity of this roof style.Originally the stilts provided protection from wild animals and rising floodwaters. While preying animals are not so much a problem in contemporary Malaysian life, they once were. Even today, tropical downpours cause local flooding in some areas and stilted house offer greater protection. As villagers attained greater wealth, more permanent structures were built using improved, more elaborate and costlier materials. Elaborate stairs were an obvious sign of wealth and over time, more decorative items appeared on the houses especially intricate timber carvings. Traditional Malay homes are essentially family homes where privacy is not so important and therefore walls and separate rooms are limited. However, there are certain areas within the home that are frequented by certain family members. Men occupy the front of the home more so than the women and youngsters. The front of the house is designated by stairs leading up to a raised covered verandah. The covered verandah or anjung is a transition space between the house's public and private domains.Benches usually line the inside of the railing. Here, the men sit and watch the world passing by and generally keep a watch over the family. This is where casual visitors are welcomed and entertained. In fishing communities, the entrance verandah maybe quite large so that activities associated with fishing can be carried out in this cool and ventilated area. For example, nets maybe repaired, traps constructed and fishing equipment maintained. Shoes are removed at the front door and family members and their guests normally sit inside on the floor on woven mats. Interestingly, windows are often long and narrow and almost at floor level so that those inside can see the outside world from their seated position. The core area of the house is called the rumah ibu. This high-roofed section is the family's main private space open only to them and very close personal household friends. This is where the family sleeps but it also serves a more public purpose when an important family ceremony or function such as a family wedding is being held. In the construction of this part of the house, a gold coin and piece of fabric maybe placed at the top of the main pillar, the tiang seri, to protect the household. Raised floor areas inside the house help delineated certain functions. For example, the sleeping area is normally raised to designate an area where one would not normally sit. Rumah tengah is where meals are prepared and eaten and this is often separated from the main house by a narrow corridor called the selangi. Female friends maybe entertained here by the female household members. The simple construction of the roof allows various types of extensions and additions to be made. The basic house is added to, as more space is required by the family such as additions to the family. A good roof is essential in Malay homes to prevent rainwater entering the living space. Attap, made from woven palm leaves from the Nipah Palm, was used initially and still is in some cases. A high-pitched roof enables fast runoff so that the water does not accumulate for roof rot to set in. Natural timbers, grasses, reeds and palm fronds are also used as they have low thermal properties and cool quickly at day's end. There are different building styles throughout the country and in some cases these borrow from neighbouring countries. For example, red clay tiles as found in many parts of Thailand are often incorporated into homes in the neighbouring Malaysian states of Terengganu and Kelantan.